A cikin duniyar sadarwar fiber optic, zaɓi na tsawon hasken haske kamar kunna mitar rediyo ne da zaɓin tashoshi. Ta zaɓin “tashar” daidai ne kawai za a iya watsa siginar a sarari kuma a tsaye. Me yasa wasu na'urori na gani ke da nisan watsawa na mita 500 kacal, yayin da wasu na iya wucewa sama da daruruwan kilomita? Sirrin ya ta'allaka ne a cikin 'launi' na wannan bishiyar haske - mafi daidai, tsawon hasken.
A cikin hanyoyin sadarwa na gani na zamani, na'urorin gani na tsawon zango daban-daban suna taka rawa daban-daban. Matsakaicin maɗaukakin maɗaukaki uku na 850nm, 1310nm, da 1550nm sune tushen tushen tsarin sadarwa na gani, tare da bayyananniyar rabon aiki dangane da nisan watsawa, halayen asara, da yanayin aikace-aikace.
1.Me yasa muke buƙatar mahara raƙuman ruwa?
Tushen bambance-bambancen tsayin tsayi a cikin na'urorin gani yana cikin manyan ƙalubale guda biyu a watsa fiber optic: asara da tarwatsewa. Lokacin da aka watsa sigina na gani a cikin filaye na gani, raguwar makamashi (asara) yana faruwa saboda sha, watsawa, da zubar da matsakaici. A lokaci guda, rashin daidaituwar saurin yaduwa na sassa daban-daban na tsawon tsayi yana haifar da faɗaɗa bugun bugun jini (watsewa). Wannan ya haifar da hanyoyin magance wavelength masu yawa:
• 850nm band:galibi yana aiki a cikin filaye na gani na multimode, tare da nisan watsawa yawanci kama daga ƴan mita ɗari (kamar ~ 550 mita), kuma shine babban ƙarfin watsa gajeriyar nisa (kamar a cikin cibiyoyin bayanai).
• 1310nm band:yana nuna ƙananan halayen tarwatsawa a daidaitattun zaruruwan yanayi guda ɗaya, tare da nisan watsawa har zuwa dubun kilomita (kamar ~ 60 kilomita), yana mai da shi kashin bayan watsa tsaka-tsaki.
• 1550nm band:Tare da mafi ƙarancin raguwa (kimanin 0.19dB/km), nisan watsa ka'idar na iya wuce kilomita 150, yana mai da shi sarkin nesa har ma da watsawar nesa mai nisa.
Haɓaka fasahar rarraba maɗaukakiyar igiyar igiyar ruwa (WDM) ta haɓaka ƙarfin filayen gani sosai. Misali, nau'ikan na'urorin gani guda ɗaya na fiber bidirectional (BIDI) suna samun hanyar sadarwar bidirectional akan fiber guda ɗaya ta hanyar amfani da tsayin raƙuman ruwa daban-daban (kamar haɗin 1310nm/1550nm) yayin watsawa da karɓar ƙarewa, yana adana albarkatun fiber sosai. Ƙarin ci gaba na Dinse Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) fasaha na iya cimma kunkuntar tazara mai tsayi (kamar 100GHz) a cikin takamaiman makada (kamar O-band 1260-1360nm), kuma fiber guda ɗaya na iya tallafawa da dama ko ma ɗaruruwan raƙuman raƙuman raƙuman ruwa, ƙara yawan ƙarfin watsawa zuwa tashoshi na fiber opaptic cikakke.
2.Yadda za a kimiyance zaži raƙuman raƙuman na gani kayayyaki?
Zaɓin tsawon zango yana buƙatar cikakken la'akari da waɗannan mahimman abubuwan:
Nisa watsawa:
Short nesa (≤ 2km): zai fi dacewa 850nm (fiber multimode).
Matsakaicin nisa (10-40km): dace da 1310nm (fiber-yanayin guda ɗaya).
Dogon nisa (≥ 60km): 1550nm (fiber-mode fiber) dole ne a zaɓi, ko kuma a yi amfani da shi a hade tare da amplifier na gani.
Bukatar iya aiki:
Kasuwanci na al'ada: Kafaffen samfuran tsayin raƙuman ruwa sun wadatar.
Babban iya aiki, babban watsawa: Ana buƙatar fasahar DWDM/CWDM. Misali, tsarin 100G DWDM da ke aiki a cikin O-band na iya tallafawa da yawa na tashoshi masu tsayi masu tsayi.
La'akarin farashi:
Kafaffen tsarin tsayin raƙuman raƙuman ruwa: Farashin naúrar farko ba shi da ɗan ƙaranci, amma ƙirar ɓangarorin ɓangarorin da yawa suna buƙatar adanawa.
Modulun tsayin raƙuman zazzagewa: Zuba hannun jari na farko yana da ɗan girma, amma ta hanyar daidaita software, yana iya ɗaukar tsawon raƙuman ruwa da yawa, sauƙaƙe sarrafa kayan gyara, kuma a cikin dogon lokaci, rage aiki da wahalar kulawa da farashi.
Yanayin aikace-aikacen:
Interconnection Center Data (DCI): Babban yawa, ƙananan ƙarfi DWDM mafita ne na al'ada.
5G fronthaul: Tare da manyan buƙatu don farashi, latency, da aminci, ƙirar masana'antu da aka ƙera ƙirar bidirectional fiber guda ɗaya (BIDI) zaɓi ne gama gari.
Cibiyar shakatawa na kasuwanci: Dangane da nisa da buƙatun bandwidth, ƙaramin ƙarfi, matsakaici zuwa gajeriyar nisa CWDM ko ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun igiyoyi.
3.Kammalawa: Juyin Halittar Fasaha da Tunani na gaba
Fasahar modul na gani tana ci gaba da maimaitawa cikin sauri. Sabbin na'urori irin su maɓallai masu zaɓi na tsawon tsayi (WSS) da kristal ruwa akan silicon (LCoS) suna haifar da haɓakar sabbin gine-ginen cibiyar sadarwa mai sassauƙa. Sabbin sabbin abubuwa da ke niyya takamammen makada, kamar O-band, suna ci gaba da inganta aiki, kamar rage yawan amfani da wutar lantarki yayin kiyaye isasshiyar siginar siginar-zuwa-amo (OSNR).
A cikin ginin cibiyar sadarwa na gaba, injiniyoyi ba wai kawai suna buƙatar ƙididdige nisan watsawa daidai lokacin da zabar tsayin raƙuman ruwa ba, har ma da cikakken kimanta yawan wutar lantarki, daidaita yanayin zafi, yawan turawa, da cikakken aiki na rayuwa da ƙimar kulawa. Babban amintattun na'urori masu gani waɗanda za su iya aiki da ƙarfi na dubun kilomita a cikin matsanancin yanayi (kamar -40 ℃ tsananin sanyi) suna zama maɓalli na tallafi ga mahalli masu rikitarwa (kamar tashoshi mai nisa).
Lokacin aikawa: Satumba-18-2025